Many components remain in use until they fail or cause an outage. Due to the lack of real-time monitoring and control, distribution grids are not optimized and their efficiencies are not well established. Power outages cost Americans more than $150 billion per year, and it is estimated that 90 % of these outages occur on distribution grids. Additionally, 20 % of its generation capacity exists to meet peak demand only (i.e., it delivers power to the grid only 5 % of the time). Traditional generation is inefficient, converting only about one-third of fuel energy into electricity, without recovering the waste heat, and almost 8 % of its electric power is lost along transmission lines. This involves one way power flow and simple interactions. From the substation, the power is distributed by both overhead and underground power lines to residential or commercial customers. The traditional power grid has a central power plant that produces electricity and transmits it over long distances on transmission lines to substations, as shown in Figure 1(a). It is adapted from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) presentation given at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standards Workshop held on Ap. A comparison of SG and traditional grid is shown in Figure 1. SMART grids (SGs) are electrical power grids that apply information, advanced networking, and real-time monitoring, and control technologies to lower costs, save energy, and improve security, interoperability, and reliability. Interoperability test results of eight commercial PMU-based SSs are provided to show that the proposed interoperability test method works. To verify this test method, an interoperability test system for the PMU-based SSs was developed and presented. Furthermore, to address the interoperability issues, this paper describes sensor interface standards used in the SGs and the need for interoperability testing, and proposes a passive interoperability test method for the SSs to achieve and assure sensor data interoperability. Then it illustrates, how the model works with phasor measurement unit (PMU)- and merging unit-based SSs deployed in the SGs with standardized interfaces to support the interoperability of the SSs. This paper describes sensing, timing, intelligence, and communication requirements of sensors for the SGs and proposes a general model of the SSs for SGs based on these requirements. Sensor data exchange and interoperability are major challenges for the SGs. Smart sensors (SSs) can provide real-time data and status of the grids for real-time monitoring, protection, and control of grid operations. Smart grids (SGs) are electrical power grids that apply information, advanced networking, and real-time monitoring and control technologies to lower costs, save energy, and improve security, interoperability, and reliability.
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